Epigenetic mechanism of myopia / 中华实验眼科杂志

Myopia has become a serious public health problem, but its pathogenesis is still unclear, and effective interventions are relatively scarce.It is recognized that myopia is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, in which epigenetics may play a key role.Epigenetics refers to the changes in gene expression and function that do not involve DNA sequence variation.Mainly including DNA methylation, non-coding RNA (microRNA, long non-coding RNA and circular RNA, etc.), histone modification and mRNA modification, epigenetic modifications interact to form a complex regulatory network in the pathophysiological process of myopia.By controlling the process of scleral matrix remodeling, eye cell proliferation and retinal development, the morphological characteristics of the eye are jointly regulated, ultimately affecting the onset and development of myopia.Epigenetics has provided new targets of myopia intervention and has become a hotspot in the field.In this paper, we reviewed the current findings of myopia epigenetics to provide a reference for related research.

Clinical study on the treatment of chronic perianal eczema with Qufeng Zhiyang Decoction and Fuzhiqing Ointment / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of Qufeng Zhiyang Decoction combined with Fuzhiqing Ointment in the treatment of chronic perianal eczema.Methods:Randomized controlled trial. A total of 122 patients with chronic perianal eczema in Meishan People's Hospital from January 2020 to May 2021 were selected as the observation objects and divided into 2 groups according to random number table method, with 61 cases in each group. The conventional group was treated with Fuzhiqing Ointment. The study group was treated with Qufeng Zhiyang Decoction. The treatment for both groups lasted for two weeks. TCM symptom score was recored before and after treatment; the degree of skin lesions was evaluated by the area and Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI); the quality of life of patients was evaluated by the quality of life index of dermatosis (DLQI); the number of Treg and Th17 cells was measured by flow cytometry; the ratio of Th17/Treg cells was calculated; the levels of TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-6 were detected by ELISA. The adverse reactions were recorded and the clinical efficacy was evaluated. The patients were followed up for 3 months and the recurrence was recorded.Results:The total effective rate of the study group was 86.89% (53/61) and that of the conventional group was 72.13% (44/61), with statistical significance ( χ2=4.08, P=0.044). After treatment, the scores of pruritus, spurt water, erythema and burning, upset and thirsty, yellow urine and dry urine in the study group were lower than those in the conventional group ( t values were 19.64, 49.13, 19.64, 33.14, 24.61, P<0.01); EASI and DLQI scores were lower than those in the conventional group ( t values were -6.52 and -29.33, P<0.01). After treatment, Treg cells [(6.58±0.78) % vs. (5.49±0.81) %, t=7.57] in the study group was higher than that of the conventional group ( P<0.01), Th17 cells [(1.03±0.28) % vs. (1.27±0.39) %, t=-3.90] and Th17/Treg ratio [(0.15±0.07) vs. (0.23±0.05), t=7.68] were lower than those in the conventional group ( P<0.01). After treatment, the level of IL-10 in the study group was higher than that of the conventional group ( t=-16.97, P<0.01), and the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were lower than those in the conventional group ( t values were -21.48 and -25.59, P<0.01). During treatment, the incidence of adverse reactions was 6.56% (4/61) in the study group and 9.84% (6/61) in the conventional group, without statistical significance in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups ( χ2=0.44, P=0.509). During the follow-up period, the recurrence rate was 15.09% (8/53) in the study group and 50.00% (22/44) in the conventional group, with statistical significance in the recurrence rate between the two groups ( χ2=14.55, P<0.01). Conclusion:Qufeng Zhiyang Decoction combined with Fuzhiqing Ointment can reduce the levels of inflammatory factors in patients with chronic perianal eczema, maintain Th17/Treg cell immune balance, improve clinical efficacy, and have a low recurrence rate.

Long term follow-up evaluation of combined surgery for congenital tibial pseudarthrosis in children / 中华外科杂志

Objective: To explore the long-term effect of combined surgery for the treatment of congenital tibial pseudarthrosis in children. Methods: The clinical data of 44 children with congenital tibial pseudarthrosis who underwent combined surgery (tibial pseudarthrosis tissue resection, intramedullary rod fixation, wrapped autologous iliac bone graft, Ilizarov external fixator fixation) from August 2007 to October 2011 at the Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Hunan Children's Hospital were collected. There were 33 males and 11 females. The age at the time of surgery was (3.7±2.2)years (range:0.6 to 12.4 years), including 25 cases under 3 years old and 19 cases above 3 years old.Among them, 37 cases were complicated with neurofibromatosis type 1.The operation status, postoperative complications and follow-up results were recorded. Results: The follow-up time after surgery was (10.9±0.7)years (range:10 to 11 years).Thirty-nine out of 44 patients (88.6%) achieved initial healing of tibial pseudarthrosis, with an average healing time of (4.3±1.1)months (range:3 to 10months).In the last follow-up, 36 cases (81.8%) had unequal tibial length, 20 cases (45.4%) had refractures, 18 cases (40.9%) had ankle valgus, 9 cases (20.4%) had proximal tibial valgus, and 11 cases (25.0%) had high arched feet.Nine cases (20.4%) developed distal tibial epiphyseal plate bridging.17 cases (38.6%) had abnormal tibial mechanical axis.Seven cases (15.9%) developed needle infection, and one case (2.3%) developed tibial osteomyelitis. 21 patients (47.7%) had excessive growth of the affected femur.Five patients (11.3%) had ankle stiffness, and 34 patients (77.2%) had intramedullary rod displacement that was not in the center of the tibial medullary cavity.Among them, 8 cases (18.1%) protruded the tibial bone cortex and underwent intramedullary rod removal.18 children have reached skeletal maturity, while 26 children have not been followed up until skeletal maturity. Conclusion: Combined surgery for the treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia in children has a high initial healing rate, but complications such as unequal tibia length, refracture, and ankle valgus occur during long-term follow-up, requiring multiple surgical treatments.

Cross lagged analysis of body shame, abnormal eating behavior and eating disorder tendency among adolescents / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To understand the longitudinal relationship between body shame, abnormal eating behavior and eating disorder tendency of adolescents, so as to provide reference for the intervention of eating problems among adolescents.@*Methods@#From September 2020, a total of 1 097 students from two high schools and two universities in Heilongjiang Province were investigated for three times (T1, T2 and T3) with an interval of 9 months. Adolescents completed the Chinese Body Shame Scale，the Chinese Version of Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire and the Sick, Control, One, Fat, Food(SCOFF) questionnaire. A cross lag analysis was used to explore the relationship between body shame, abnormal eating behavior and eating disorder tendency.@*Results@#The body shame, abnormal eating behavior and eating disorder tendency of adolescents showed an upward trend, but only the main effect of time on abnormal eating behavior was statistically significant ( F=3.78, P＜0.05, η 2=0.18), and the main effect of gender on three variables were statistically significant ( F=18.06, 30.48, 25.09, P ＜0.01). There were significant and positive correlations between body shame, abnormal eating behavior and eating disorder tendency at three wave survey (T1: r =0.34-0.58, T2: r =0.35-0.56, T3: r =0.33-0.53, P ＜0.01). Body shame could predict abnormal eating behavior across time ( β T1-T2 =0.13, β T2-T3 =0.08, P ＜ 0.05), and the predictive effect was stronger in female ( β T1-T2 =0.16, β T2-T3 =0.12, P ＜0.05), only the effect between T1 and T2 was significant in male ( β T1-T2 =0.09, P ＜0.05). Abnormal eating behavior ( β T1-T2 =0.14, β T2-T3 =0.15, P ＜0.01) and eating disorder tendency ( β T1-T2 =0.26, β T2-T3 =0.24, P ＜0.01) had cross time predictive effect. Abnormal eating behavior showed a mediating effect on the association between body shame and eating disorder tendency ( β ab =0.019, 95% CI=0.006-0.047, P ＜0.05), and the mediating effect was stronger in female ( β ab =0.029, 95% CI=0.008-0.053, P ＜0.05).@*Conclusion@#Adolescents body shame positively predicts abnormal eating behavior. Abnormal eating behavior and eating disorder tendency interact with each other, and body shame can indirectly affect eating disorder tendency through acting on abnormal eating behavior.

Advances in poly(ethylene terephthalate) hydrolases / 生物工程学报

Plastics have brought invaluable convenience to human life since it was firstly synthesized in the last century. However, the stable polymer structure of plastics led to the continuous accumulation of plastic wastes, which poses serious threats to the ecological environment and human health. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is the most widely produced polyester plastics. Recent researches on PET hydrolases have shown great potential of enzymatic degradation and recycling of plastics. Meanwhile, the biodegradation pathway of PET has become a reference model for the biodegradation of other plastics. This review summarizes the sources of PET hydrolases and their degradation capacity, degradation mechanism of PET by the most representative PET hydrolase-IsPETase, and recently reported highly efficient degrading enzymes through enzyme engineering. The advances of PET hydrolases may facilitate the research on the degradation mechanism of PET and further exploration and engineering of efficient PET degradation enzymes.

Building of a Clinical Prediction Model for Hemodynamic Depression after Carotid Artery Stenting / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To analyze the risk factors and build a clinical prediction model for hemodynamic depression (HD) after carotid artery stenting (CAS). Methods A total of 116 patients who received CAS in the Department of Vascular Surgery,Drum Tower Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University and the Department of Vascular Surgery,the Affiliated Suqian First People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January 1,2016 to January 1,2022 were included in this study.The patients were assigned into a HD group and a non-HD group.The clinical baseline data and vascular disease characteristics of each group were collected,and multivariate Logistic regression was employed to identify the independent predictors of HD after CAS and build a clinical prediction model.The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn,and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was calculated to evaluate the predictive performance of the model. Results The HD group had lower proportions of diabetes (P=0.014) and smoking (P=0.037) and higher proportions of hypertension (P=0.031),bilateral CAS (P=0.018),calcified plaque (P=0.001),eccentric plaque (P=0.003),and the distance<1 cm from the minimum lumen level to the carotid bifurcation (P=0.009) than the non-HD group.The age,sex,coronary heart disease,symptomatic carotid artery stenosis,degree of stenosis,and length of lesions had no statistically significant differences between the HD group and the non-HD group (all P>0.05).Based on the above predictive factors,a clinical prediction model was established,which showed the AUC of 0.807 and the 95% CI of 0.730-0.885 (P<0.001).The model demonstrated the sensitivity of 62.7% and the specificity of 87.7% when the best cut-off value of the model score reached 12.5 points. Conclusions Diabetes,smoking,calcified plaque,eccentric plaque,and the distance<1 cm from the minimum lumen level to the carotid bifurcation are independent predictors of HD after CAS.The clinical prediction model built based on the above factors has good performance in predicting the occurrence of HD after CAS.

Analysis on missed diagnosis or misdiagnosis of anomalous origin of left coronary artery from pulmonary artery by echocardiography from one single medical center / 中华心血管病杂志

Objectives: To analyze the reasons of missed diagnosis or misdiagnosis on anomalous origin of left coronary artery from pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) by echocardiography. Methods: This is a retrospective study. Patients with ALCAPA who underwent surgical treatment in Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology from August 2008 to December 2021 were included. According to the results of preoperative echocardiography and surgical diagnosis, the patients were divided into confirmed group or missed diagnosis/misdiagnosis group. The results of preoperative echocardiography were collected, and the specific echocardiographic signs were analyzed. According to the experience of the doctors, the echocardiographic signs were divided into four types, namely clear displayed, vague/doubtful displayed, no display and no notice, and the display rate of each sign was calculated (display rate=number of clearly displayed cases/total number of cases×100%). By referring the surgical data, we analyzed and recorded the pathological anatomy and pathophysiological characteristics of the patients, and the rate of missed diagnosis/misdiagnosis of echocardiography in patients with different characteristics was compared. Results: A total of 21 patients were enrolled, including 11 males, aged 1.8 (0.8, 12.3) years (range 1 month to 47 years). Except for one patient with anomalous origin of left anterior descending artery, the others were all originated from the main left coronary artery (LCA). There were 13 cases of ALCAPA in infant and children, and 8 cases of adult ALCAPA. There were 15 cases in the confirmed group (diagnostic accuracy was 71.4% (15/21)), and 6 cases in the missed diagnosis/misdiagnosis group (three cases were misdiagnosed as primary endocardial fibroelastosis, two cases were misdiagnosed as coronary-pulmonary artery fistula; and one case was missed diagnosis). The working years of the physicians in the confirmed group were longer than those in the missed diagnosis/misdiagnosed group ((12.8±5.6) years vs. (8.3±4.7) years, P=0.045). In infants with ALCAPA, the detection rate of LCA-pulmonary shunt (8/10 vs. 0, P=0.035) and coronary collateral circulation (7/10 vs. 0, P=0.042) in confirmed group was higher than that in missed diagnosis/misdiagnosed group. In adult ALCAPA patients, the detection rate of LCA-pulmonary artery shunt was higher in confirmed group than that in missed diagnosis/misdiagnosed group (4/5 vs. 0, P=0.021). The missed diagnosis/misdiagnosis rate of adult type was higher than that of infant type (3/8 vs. 3/13, P=0.410). The rate of missed diagnosis/misdiagnosis was higher in patients with abnormal origin of branches than that of abnormal origin of main trunk (1/1 vs. 5/21, P=0.028). The rate of missed diagnosis/misdiagnosis in patients with LCA running between the main and pulmonary arteries was higher than that distant from the main pulmonary artery septum (4/7 vs. 2/14, P=0.064). The rate of missed diagnosis/misdiagnosis in patients with severe pulmonary hypertension was higher than that in patients without severe pulmonary hypertension (2/3 vs. 4/18, P=0.184). The reasons with an echocardiography missed diagnosis/misdiagnosis rate of≥50% included that (1) the proximal segment of LCA ran between the main and pulmonary arteries; (2) abnormal opening of LCA at the right posterior part of the pulmonary artery; (3) abnormal origin of LCA branches; (4) complicated with severe pulmonary hypertension. Conclusions: Echocardiography physicians' knowledge of ALCAPA and diagnostic vigilance are critical to the accuracy of diagnosis. Attention should be paid to the pediatric cases with no obvious precipitating factors of left ventricular enlargement, regardless of whether the left ventricular function is normal or not, the origin of coronary artery should be routinely explored.

Research progress of gut microbiota in diabetic retinopathy / 中华眼底病杂志

The concept of "Microbe-gut-eye axis" holds that metabolites of the gut microbiota are involved in the pathogenesis of various eye diseases. The composition and diversity of gut microbiota in diabetic retinopathy (DR) patients are significantly different from those in non-DR patients. Metabolites of the gut microbiota such as lipopolysaccharide, short-chain fatty acid, bile acids and branched-chain amino acid aggravate or attenuate the progression of DR by regulating the release of inflammatory cytokines, mitochondrial function, insulin sensitivity, immune response, and autophagy of retinal cells. Therefore, gut microbiota and their metabolites play a role in the occurrence and development of DR through multiple pathways. The participation of gut microbiota may open up a new way to prevent and treat DR in the future.

Chronic disease management approaches for fundus disease to be explored and established / 中华眼底病杂志

Chronic disease is a major threat to human health. Fundus disease has become a major ophthalmic disease affecting daily life. Although great breakthroughs have been made in the treatment, compared with other chronic disease management, the management of patients with fundus disease is still in its infancy. To strengthen the management exploration of patients with fundus diseases, establish a management model of fundus diseases and strive to improve patients' awareness of fundus diseases and adherence to treatment and follow-up are the great challenges at present. All ophthalmic centers should strengthen patient education, establish a regional cooperation network, support the construction of grassroots medical capacity, cultivate talents, enhance training, promote the standardized treatment of fundus diseases, standardize fundus imaging inspection and diagnosis, and promote the homogeneous construction of diagnosis and treatment of chronic fundus diseases. We will accelerate the construction of a hierarchical diagnosis and treatment system and the ability to link consultation and referral. Through systematic management and intervention of fundus diseases, a large number of patients with fundus diseases will receive early screening, diagnosis, standardized continuous treatment and systematic management, and improve the quality of life of patients with fundus diseases.

Sarcomatoid carcinoma of renal pelvis: a case report / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the renal pelvis is rare. One case of sarcomatoid carcinoma of the left renal pelvis was reported. The patient was diagnosed as sarcomatoid carcinoma of left pyelonephrosis by left percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) and biopsy of left pyelonephrosis in another hospital due to left lumbar pain.The patient came to our hospital for laparoscopic left hemiculturectomy and was pathologically diagnosed as left renal pelvic sarcomatoid carcinoma. The patient suffered left retroperitoneal recurrence and bilateral lung metastasis 7 months after surgery and died of cachexia 10 months later.

Treatment of iliac fracture combined anterior dislocation of the sacroiliac joint by the "ladder reduction method" / 中华骨科杂志

Objective:To investigate the clinical effect of "ladder reduction method" in the treatment of iliac fracture combined anterior dislocation of sacroiliac joint.Methods:The retrospective analysis was performed on 10 cases of iliac fracture combined anterior sacroiliac joint dislocation admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University from February 2010 to January 2022, among which 5 cases were males and 5 cases were females, aged ranging from 22 to 52 years, with an average age of 38.8 years. All patients were injured in car accidents including 5 cases of C1.2, 3 cases of C2, and 2 cases of C3 fractures according to Tile classification. All patients were treated with the "ladder reduction method" with plate and screw fixation. In the first step, 1-2 Schanz pins were inserted into the iliac crest to control the ilium, and the Schanz pins were appropriately pulled laterally; in the second step, the periosteal stripper was used to pry the reduction between the sacrum and ilium; in the third step, for the patients who still could not be reduced, a 2.5 mm diameter Kirschner wire was placed on the sacrum close to the iliac crest, and a periosteal stripper was inserted between the sacrum and iliac crest, with its tip against the Kirkner wire, and the iliac crest as the fulcrum for pry pulling to separate the two. In the fourth step, the pry was maintained, and then another 2.5 mm diameter Kirschner wire was placed on the sacrum close to the internal margin of the iliac bone. The periosteal stripper was continued to pry between the sacrum and the iliac bone, and the operation was repeated. At the same time, the anterior dislocation of the sacroiliac joint was reduced with traction of the lower limb. Postoperatively, the quality of reduction was evaluated by the Matta score, and the degree of functional recovery after pelvic fracture was evaluated by the Majeed score.Results:Four patients completed the reduction through the first and second steps, and 6 cases of refractory sacroiliac joint anterior dislocation were successfully reduced through the first to fourth steps. The fracture reduction time of 6 patients with refractory anterior sacroiliac joint dislocation was 39.67±3.09 min (range, 35-44 min), with intraoperative blood loss of 300.00±141.42 ml (range, 150-600 ml); in the other 4 cases, the fracture reduction time was 36.75±4.38 min (range, 30-42 min), and the intraoperative blood loss was 225.00±44.30 ml (range, 200-300 ml). All 10 patients were followed up for 12.9±3.7 months (range, 9-20 months). The anterior and posterior pelvic ring fractures were healed in all patients, and the fracture healing time was 12.77±1.62 weeks (range, 10.71-15.28 weeks). At the last follow-up, Matta evaluation was excellent in 5 cases, good in 1 case, and excellent in the other 4 cases. The Majeed scores of 6 cases were 86.50±6.08 points (range, 74-92 points), of which 5 cases were excellent and 1 case was good. The other 4 cases were 81.5±9.39 scores (range, 71-94), of which 2 were excellent and 2 were good.Conclusion:The "ladder reduction method" is a safe, effective and easy-to-operate method for the treatment of iliac fracture combined anterior dislocation of the sacroiliac joint, especially for refractory anterior dislocation of the sacroiliac joint, which can still obtain satisfactory curative effects.

Clinical significance of blood lipids, lipoproteins, PTX-3, TTF-1, NSE, and CYFRA21-1 levels in patients with advanced gastric cancer / 中国医师杂志

Objective:To investigate the significance of blood lipids [triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC)], lipoproteins [high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL)], and serum levels of pentraxin-3 (PTX-3), thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), neuron specific enolase (NSE), and human cytokeratin 21-1 fragment (CYFRA21-1) in patients with advanced gastric cancer, and to provide a basis for the early, middle, and late diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer.Methods:127 gastric cancer patients admitted to 3201 Hospital from January 2019 to January 2022 were selected as the research subjects. They were divided into early stage group ( n=45), mild stage group ( n=43), and late stage group ( n=39) based on their condition. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect blood lipids (TG, TC), PTX-3, TTF-1, NSE, CYFRA21-1, and chemical precipitation method was used to detect lipoprotein metabolism (HDL, LDL) in the three groups of patients. The differences in blood lipids, lipoproteins, PTX-3, TTF-1, NSE, and CYFRA21-1 between three groups of gastric cancer patients and the late stage group of gastric cancer patients before and after surgery were analyzed. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to investigate the correlation between blood lipids (TG, TC), lipoprotein (HDL, LDL), PTX-3, TTF-1, NSE, CYFRA21-1, and gastric cancer incidence. The predictive value of individual and combined detection of the above indicators for gastric cancer was analyzed using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results:The results showed that the TG, TC, and LDL levels in the late stage group were higher than those in the mild stage and early stage groups (all P<0.05), while the HDL levels were lower than those in the mild stage and early stage groups (all P<0.05). The serum levels of PTX-3, TTF-1, NSE, and CYFRA21-1 were higher than those in the mild stage and early stage groups (all P<0.05). The postoperative levels of TG, PTX-3, TTF-1, NSE, CYFRA21-1, TC, and LDL in the late stage group were significantly lower than those before surgery (all P<0.05) and the HDL level was higher than that before surgery ( P<0.05). The levels of TG, TC, HDL, LDL, PTX-3, TTF-1, NSE, and CYFRA21-1 were correlated with the late onset of gastric cancer (all P<0.05). The ROC curve showed that the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of PTX-3, TTF-1, NSE, and CYFRA21-1 combined detection was significantly higher than that of PTX3, TTF1, NSE, and CYFRA211 alone. Among them, PTX-3+ TTF-1+ NSE+ CYFRA21-1 combined detection had the highest AUC, sensitivity, and specificity. Conclusions:Patients with advanced gastric cancer have abnormal levels of blood lipids (TG, TC), lipoprotein (HDL, LDL), and serum PTX-3, TTF-1, NSE, and CYFRA21-1. Effective intervention measures need to be developed based on the above indicators to improve survival rate.

The past,present,and future of in vivo-implant-able recording microelectrodes:the neural interfaces / 中国药理学与毒理学杂志

Neural recording electrodes enable the acquisition and collection of electrical signals from neu-rons,and these recorded neural electrical signals are an important means of understanding neuronal activity.As a major component of the brain-machine interface,neu-ral recording electrodes serve as a bridge between the nervous system and external devices.The extracted information can be used to understand the state of the brain and acts as a feedback signal to regulate external devices,thus providing important information for the clini-cal treatment of neurological diseases.Moreover,the electrodes can be used as a vehicle for drug injection to directly treat diseases.Since the time that Strumwas-ser used microwires to achieve long-term recordings of neural activity in hibernating squirrels,implantable elec-trode technology has gradually improved over three gen-erations of development,and progress has been made in improving the biocompatibility,mechanical performance(size,shape,density,etc.),and signal-to-noise ratio.Implantable neural recording electrodes can acquire sig-nals from cortical and deep neural clusters,with the advantages of high signal-to-noise ratio,information con-tent,and spatial/temporal resolution.However,there is still a need to improve the structure and performance of these electrodes;for example,their high invasiveness and lack of biocompatibility pose technical difficulties in the process of translation to the clinic.This paper reviews the basic requirements for electrodes,main recording methods and signal types,common types of implant-able neural recording electrodes,and their challenges and future development directions.With the continuous development of electrode materials,equipment,systems,and neurotechnology,it should be possible to apply neu-ral recording electrodes in clinical practice,to promote safe and efficient treatment of human diseases.

Confusion and countermeasures of the non-conditioned anxiety test in rodent laboratory animals / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Anxiety is a major mood disorder, and the high morbidity, co-morbidity and disability of anxiety disorders seriously affect people's quality of life, so the importance and urgency of research on anxiety cannot be overstated. Animal models are the main carriers for studying the mechanism of disease occurrence and development, drug efficacy evaluation and drug development.Unconditioned anxiety model is a common anxiety model.Elevated plus maze test, open field test and light-dark box test are widely accepted paradigms for the detection of unconditioned anxiety.This kind of behavioral paradigm based on environmental exposure takes advantage of the conflict between curiosity and fear of the unfamiliar environment to simulate and detect the anxiety of animals.However, the validity of these behavioral paradigms for evaluating anxiety in animals is questionable.In this paper, we discuss the concept of anxiety, the definition of anxiety behavior in the behavioral test of unconditioned anxiety, and the factors to be considered in the test of unconditioned anxiety behavior.On this basis, new solutions were proposed to the contradictions and blind spots in order to improve the test paradigm of anxiety behavior and provide a more reliable animal model for the evaluation of anxiety.This paper presents a new approach to address the contradictions and blind spots of this paradigm.

Chain mediating effect of experience avoidance and emotional eating between intolerable uncertainty and life satisfaction in college students / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To explore the mediating effect of experiential avoidance and emotional eating between intolerable uncertainty and life satisfaction of college students.Methods:From October to December 2021, a total of 890 college students in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region were tested by the intolerable uncertainty scale (simplified version), the acceptance action scale second edition, the Dutch eating behavior questionnaire and the life satisfaction scale. All data processing and analysis were preformed by SPSS 22.0 software, and the mediating effect was tested by Pearson correlation analysis and Bootstrap analysis.Results:The intolerable uncertainty score was (26.43±7.64), the experiential avoidance score was (22.63±9.67), the emotional eating score was (26.43 ±11.83), and the life satisfaction score was (16.74±6.03). Intolerable uncertainty was significantly and negatively correlated with life satisfaction( r=-0.76, P<0.01), and was significantly and positively correlated with experience avoidance and emotional eating( r=0.66, 0.78, both P<0.01). Experience avoidance was significantly and positively correlated with emotional eating( r=0.70, P<0.01), and was significantly and negatively correlated with life satisfaction( r=-0.62, P<0.01). Emotional eating was significantly and negatively correlated with life satisfaction( r=-0.68, P<0.01). Intolerable uncertainty affects life satisfaction through four paths.The direct effect value of intolerable uncertainty on life satisfaction was -0.53, accounting for 70.23% of the total effect. The separate mediating effect value of experience avoidance was -0.11, accounting for 50.00% of the total indirect effect.The separate mediating effect value of emotional eating was -0.08, accounting for 36.36% of the total indirect effect, and the chain mediating effect value of experience avoidance and emotional eating was -0.03, accounting for 13.64% of the total indirect effect. Conclusion:Intolerable uncertainty can directly affect life satisfaction of college students and indirectly through experiencing avoidance and emotional eating.

The role of roxadustat in chronic kidney disease patients complicated with anemia

The incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing worldwide and the current prevalence rate is 13.4%. There are > 120 million CKD patients in China and this number is expected to increase. One of the main abnormalities in patients with CKD and kidney impairment is decreased synthesis of erythropoietin (EPO), which causes anemia and affects iron metabolism. The probability of developing is higher in anemia patients with CKD than in the general population, and the incidence increases as kidney function decreases. Deficient EPO production by the kidney is the most important cause of renal anemia. Notably, anemia in patients with CKD has multiple causes, such as bleeding caused by platelet dysfunction, iron deficiency due to digestive and absorption disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and shorter red blood cell life. Anemia is also a leading cause of hospitalization in patients with CKD. A new oral medication to treat renal anemia, the hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor called roxadustat (FG-4592), regulates iron metabolism and promotes erythropoiesis. This drug has a therapeutic effect on patients with CKD. Roxadustat showed advantages over EPO in clinical experiments. This review summarizes the mechanisms of action, clinical applications, effectiveness, and safety of roxadustat.

Spatiotemporal evolution of COVID-19 epidemic in the early phase in China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: Based on the geographic information systems, we exploreed the spatiotemporal clustering and the development and evolution of COVID-19 epidemic at prefectural level in China from the time when the epidemic was discovered to the time when the lockdown ended in Wuhan. Methods: The information and data of the confirmed COVID-19 cases from December 8, 2019 to April 8, 2020 were collected from 367 prefectures in China for a spatial autocorrelation analysis with software GeoDa, and software ArcGIS was used to visualize the results. Software SatScan was used for spatiotemporal scanning analysis to visualize the hot-spot areas of the epidemic. Results: The incidence of new cases of COVID-19 had obvious global autocorrelation and the partial autocorrelation results showed that incidence of COVID-19 had different spatial distribution at different times from December 8, 2019 to March 4, 2020. There was no significant difference in global autocorrelation coefficient from March 5, 2020 to April 8, 2020. The statistical analysis of spatiotemporal scanning identified two kinds of spatiotemporal clustering areas, the first class clustering areas included 10 prefectures, mainly distributed in Hubei, from January 13 to February 25, 2020. The secondary class clustering areas included 142 prefectures, mainly distributed in provinces in the north and east of Hubei, from January 23 to February 1, 2020. Conclusions: There was a clear spatiotemporal correlation in the distribution of the outbreaks in the early phase of COVID-19 epidemic (December 8, 2019-March 4, 2020) in China. With the decrease of the case and effective prevention and control measures, the epidemics had no longer significant correlations among areas from March 5 to April 8. The study results showed relationship with time points of start and adjustment of emergency response at different degree in provinces. Furthermore, improving the early detection of new outbreaks and taking timely and effective prevention and control measures played an important role in blocking the transmission.

Selection Principles and Analysis of Common Prescriptions in Clinical Practice Guidelines of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Based on Cough in Children / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo collect common prescriptions from multiple channels based on the mainstream guidance materials combined with ancient books to provide references for the selection principles of common prescriptions in clinical practice guidelines of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and western medicine. MethodWith the research on the selection of commonly used prescriptions in Clinical Practice Guidelines of Chinese and Western Medicine for Cough in Children as an example，the nation-recommended Schedule Ⅲ drugs and prescriptions for cough in children in the clinical diagnosis and treatment guidelines of TCM （TCM and western medicine）/expert consensus/clinical pathway/diagnosis and treatment protocols，three TCM pediatric textbooks， the experience of famous experts， and ancient books were searched for the establishment of a prescription database and analysis of medication regularity. ResultThe results showed that there were 71 commonly used prescriptions for the treatment of cough in children. The top 3 clinically indicated syndromes were the syndrome of phlegm-heat blocking the lung，the syndrome of wind-heat invading the lung，and the syndrome of wind-cold attacking the lung，and the top 5 efficacies corresponding to high-frequency drugs were reliving cough and dyspnea， clearing heat/resolving phlegm， dispersing wind/dissipating cold， clearing heat/purging fire， and dispersing wind/dissipating heat. The most commonly used Chinese medicines included Armeniacae Semen Amarum， Platycodonis Radix， Bolbostemmatis Rhizoma， Ephedrae Herba， Scutellariae Radix， Pinelliae Rhizoma， and Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium. Some drugs showed high internal correlations with Armeniacae Semen Amarum and Platycodonis Radix. There were 228 prescriptions for the treatment of cough in children based on the ancient books in the Chinese Medical Code. The most commonly used Chinese medicines were Pinelliae Rhizoma， Armeniacae Semen Amarum， Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma， Poria， Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium， Platycodonis Radix， Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens， and Bolbostemmatis Rhizoma. The top 5 efficacies corresponding to high-frequency drugs were dispersing wind/dissipating cold， relieving cough and dyspnea， clearing heat/resolving phlegm， warming cold/resolving phlegm， and tonifying Qi. Some drugs showed high internal correlations with Pinelliae Rhizoma and Platycodonis Radix. As revealed by the comparison of ancient and modern medication， the medication principles could be roughly classified into two categories： ventilating the lung/descending Qi and resolving phlegm. In ancient medication， the drugs for cough in children were mainly used for warming， tonifying， dissipating cold， excreting water， alleviating edema， and astringing lung and intestines， while in modern medication， the prescriptions were mainly for dispersing wind， clearing heat， tonifying yin， and moistening dampness. ConclusionThis study systematically analyzed the commonly used prescriptions for the treatment of cough in children and provided references for the selection of TCM in clinical practice guidelines.

Selection Principles and Analysis of Common Prescriptions in Clinical Practice Guidelines of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Based on Cough in Children / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo collect common prescriptions from multiple channels based on the mainstream guidance materials combined with ancient books to provide references for the selection principles of common prescriptions in clinical practice guidelines of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and western medicine. MethodWith the research on the selection of commonly used prescriptions in Clinical Practice Guidelines of Chinese and Western Medicine for Cough in Children as an example，the nation-recommended Schedule Ⅲ drugs and prescriptions for cough in children in the clinical diagnosis and treatment guidelines of TCM （TCM and western medicine）/expert consensus/clinical pathway/diagnosis and treatment protocols，three TCM pediatric textbooks， the experience of famous experts， and ancient books were searched for the establishment of a prescription database and analysis of medication regularity. ResultThe results showed that there were 71 commonly used prescriptions for the treatment of cough in children. The top 3 clinically indicated syndromes were the syndrome of phlegm-heat blocking the lung，the syndrome of wind-heat invading the lung，and the syndrome of wind-cold attacking the lung，and the top 5 efficacies corresponding to high-frequency drugs were reliving cough and dyspnea， clearing heat/resolving phlegm， dispersing wind/dissipating cold， clearing heat/purging fire， and dispersing wind/dissipating heat. The most commonly used Chinese medicines included Armeniacae Semen Amarum， Platycodonis Radix， Bolbostemmatis Rhizoma， Ephedrae Herba， Scutellariae Radix， Pinelliae Rhizoma， and Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium. Some drugs showed high internal correlations with Armeniacae Semen Amarum and Platycodonis Radix. There were 228 prescriptions for the treatment of cough in children based on the ancient books in the Chinese Medical Code. The most commonly used Chinese medicines were Pinelliae Rhizoma， Armeniacae Semen Amarum， Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma， Poria， Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium， Platycodonis Radix， Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens， and Bolbostemmatis Rhizoma. The top 5 efficacies corresponding to high-frequency drugs were dispersing wind/dissipating cold， relieving cough and dyspnea， clearing heat/resolving phlegm， warming cold/resolving phlegm， and tonifying Qi. Some drugs showed high internal correlations with Pinelliae Rhizoma and Platycodonis Radix. As revealed by the comparison of ancient and modern medication， the medication principles could be roughly classified into two categories： ventilating the lung/descending Qi and resolving phlegm. In ancient medication， the drugs for cough in children were mainly used for warming， tonifying， dissipating cold， excreting water， alleviating edema， and astringing lung and intestines， while in modern medication， the prescriptions were mainly for dispersing wind， clearing heat， tonifying yin， and moistening dampness. ConclusionThis study systematically analyzed the commonly used prescriptions for the treatment of cough in children and provided references for the selection of TCM in clinical practice guidelines.

Inhibition of Escherichia coli nitroreductase by the constituents in Syzygium aromaticum / 中国天然药物

Gut bacterial nitroreductases play an important role in reduction of various nitroaromatic compounds to the corresponding N-nitroso compounds, hydroxylamines or aromatic amines, most of which are carcinogenic and mutagenic agents. Inhibition of gut nitroreductases has been recognized as an attractive approach for reducing mutagen metabolites in the colon, so as to prevent colon diseases. In this study, the inhibitory effects of 55 herbal medicines against Escherichia coli(E. coli) nitroreductase (EcNfsA) were examined. Compared with other herbal extracts, Syzygium aromaticum extract showed superior inhibitory potency toward EcNfsA mediated nitrofurazone reduction. Then, the inhibitory effects of 22 major constituents in Syzygium aromaticum against EcNfsA were evaluted. Compared with other tested natural compounds, ellagic acid, corilagin, betulinic acid, oleanic acid, ursolic acid, urolithin M5 and isorhamnetin were found with strong to moderate inhibitory effect against EcNfsA, with IC50 values ranging from 0.67 to 28.98 mol·L-1. Furthermore, the inhibition kinetic analysis and docking simulation demonstrated that ellagic acid and betulinic acid potently inhibited EcNfsA (Ki < 2 μmol·L -1) in a competitively inhibitory manner, which created strong interactions with the catalytic triad of EcNfsA. In summary, our findings provide new scientific basis for explaining the anti-mutagenic activity of Syzygium aromaticum, where some newly identified EcNfsA inhibitors can be used for developing novel agents to reduce the toxicity induced by bacterial nitroreductase.